The research, published in Nicotine & Tobacco Research, analyzed repeated cross-sectional survey data from 9,996 participants aged 16 and older who reported currently smoking. It found that while the majority of smokers (76.9%) reported purchasing tobacco only from legal sources, 23.1% reported purchasing tobacco from illegal sources at least once in the past six months during 2025, up from 12.2% in 2023.
